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My career in maternal and child health spans thirty years and three professions; this combination of broad clinical experience and interdisciplinary training has given me a unique vision of health. As a nurse, nutritionist, and epidemiologist, I have worked at all levels and in many capacities to improve the health of women and children. As a clinician, educator, teacher, and researcher, I have approached each new challenge as an opportunity to champion for better health care. For example, in 1974, I co-founded the WIC program at the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center in New York City, which still flourishes today, more than 25 years later. In 1978, I testified before a Senate Subcommittee on the fetal alcohol syndrome, to advocate for warning labels on alcohol. As an educator, I developed my own year-long course on maternal and infant nutrition, and have taught at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. As a researcher, many of my studies are considered to be classics, providing critical evidence on the effect of nutrition and other environmental influences on pregnancy outcome. As a writer, I'm well-known for the 12 books I've authored or edited, including, Maternal Nutrition (Little, Brown, 1979), Principles and Practice of Maternal Nutrition (Parthenon, 1992), Clinical Maternal-Fetal Nutrition (Little, Brown, 1993), Every Pregnant Woman's Guide to Preventing Premature Birth (Random House, 1995), Good Bones (Bull, 1998), When You're Expecting Twins, Triplets, or Quads (co-authored with Tamara Eberlein, published by Harper Collins, 1999), and Multifetal Pregnancy: Care of the Pregnant Patient (co-authored with Roger Newman, MD and published by Lippincott-Williams & Wilkins, 2000), and Program Your Baby's Health: The Pregnancy Diet for Your Child's Lifelong Well-Being (co-authored with Tamera Eberlein) (Ballantine/Random House, 2001).

Typically, I typically approache a problem from several venues, and build from the strengths of each analysis. For example, one of my interests is in the effects of employment on pregnancy outcome. My study of maternal and child health nurses who worked during pregnancy was designed and conducted in collaboration with two of the world's leading experts, in France, and is considered a landmark study on this topic. I was so impressed by the discrepancy between maternity leave policies in Europe and those in the United States that I wrote Every Pregnant Woman's Guide to Preventing Premature Birth (Random House, 1995), which summarizes current knowledge in this area for the average expectant woman to apply in her own life. I have continued to write and conduct research in this area today. My prospective study on the effect of fatigue on hospital admissions among employed pregnant women won an award for outstanding research at the annual meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine in San Francisco in January, 1999 and a meta-analysis of the world literature on the effect of work on pregnancy outcome which I coauthored was published in Obstetrics and Gynecology in 2000.

Likewise, I have focused my efforts in improving outcomes in twin, triplet, and quadruplet pregnancies using a similar, multifaceted approach. I like to telescope up to describe trends and outcomes using national vital statistics data, often combining several years of data, resulting in unique, population-based analyses. The following three papers, based on vital statistics data, exemplify the dramatic effect this work has had in both obstetrics and pediatrics. In my 1996 study (Reducing Fetal Deaths in Multiple Gestations: Optimal Birthweights and Gestational Ages for Infants of Twin and Triplet Births, Acta Genet Med Gemellol 1996; 45:333-348), based on 20 million births and nearly 90,000 fetal deaths, I defined the optimal plurality-specific birthweight and gestational age combinations associated with the lowest risk of fetal death. The tables from this study have been reprinted in the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' most recent technical bulletin on multiple pregnancy. My 1992 analysis (The Contribution of Singletons, Twins, and Triplets to Low Birthweight, Infant Mortality, and Handicap in the United States, J Reprod Med 1992; 37:661-6) has had a far-reaching effect on raising public awareness. Tables from this analysis have been reprinted by the Washington Post and the New York Times to characterize the risks experienced by these children. My 1994 analysis (The Changing Pattern of Multiple Births in the United States, Obstet Gynecol 1994; 84:101-6) is one of the most frequently cited papers to describe the rise in multiple births in this country. The figures from this analysis are included in the 20th edition (1997) of William's Obstetrics, the classic textbook in this field. My clinical research on the beneficial effects of maternal weight gain on twin outcomes, based on my dissertation at Johns Hopkins University and numerous papers since, has set new standards. In 1997, the Expert Working Group on Maternal Nutrition of the Maternal and Child Health Bureau concluded that I was the single most prolific contributor to the literature on maternal nutrition in multiple pregnancy, citing my work almost exclusively as evidence of progress in this area.

In addition to research that has influenced clinical practice, I've also translated the current knowledge in this area for the average woman pregnant with multiples. Our book, When You're Expecting Twins, Triplets, or Quads (co-authored with Tamara Eberlein) was released in July, 1999, and is among the top ten best-selling pregnancy books in the United States. This year, again along with award-winning coauthor Tamera Eberlein, we published Program Your Baby's Health: The Pregnancy Diet for Your Child's Lifelong Well-being, based on the latest scientific research on the link between intrauterine and early childhood nutrition and later risks for chronic diseases.

My philosophy is based on building collaborations across diverse disciplines, ultimately resulting in superior research, solidly grounded in science, yet practical and widely applicable. For example, over the past seven years, since joining the faculty at the University of Michigan, I formed a consortium of eight universities, to pool their respective data on twin, triplet, and quadruplet pregnancies. The research produced by this consortium includes such diverse fields as ultrasound, anthropology, biostatistics, finance, physiology, dietetics, nursing, pediatrics, and obstetrics. Every year since its inception, we have published remarkable studies, including most recently, birthweight references for twins based on longitudinal measures of fetal growth, and birthweight.

From studies based on millions to breakfast and companionship for the mother on bedrest, my goal has always been the same: to improve the health of women and children. Six years ago, I established a prenatal nutrition program for women expecting multiples. By translating the research into reality for scores of women, I have been able to improve the lives of hundreds of children and their families. I practice what I preach, establishing a tradition of bringing hot breakfasts from McDonald's for hospital-bound mothers-to-be, day-after-day, during weeks or months of bedrest. A unique gift to these special patients, my lavish, poster-sized countdown calendars help keep each day in perspective, and serve as a reminder of how much these women endured when framed over their children's cribs months later.


Education
Columbia University, BS, Nursing, 1972
New York, New York

New York University, AM, Foods and Nutrition, 1974
New York, New York
Thesis: Diet Therapy of Renal Disease in the Pre-Dialysis Era:
The Biochemical Basis of the Giovanni-Giovannetti Diet

Columbia University, MPH, Population Studies, 1978
New York, New York
Thesis: The Biochemical Effect of Gestational Diabetes on Pregnancy Outcome

Johns Hopkins University, ScD, Maternal & Child Health, 1991
Baltimore, Maryland
Thesis: The Association Between Maternal Weight Gain and the Birthweight of Twins


Current Position
Professor and Director,
Division of Health Services Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan



Original Research
1. Luke B and Petrie RH. Intrauterine growth: Correlation of infant birthweight and maternal postpartum weight. Am J Clin Nutr 1980; 33(11):2311-7.

2. Luke B, Hawkins MM, Petrie RH. Influence of smoking, weight gain, and pregravid weight for height on intrauterine growth. Am J Clin Nutr 1981; 34(7):1410-7.

3. Luke B, Dickinson C, Petrie RH. Intrauterine growth: Correlations of maternal nutritional status and rate of gestational weight gain. European J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1981; 12(2):113-21.

4. Luke B, Jonaitis MA, Petrie RH. A consideration of height as a function of prepregnancy nutritional background and its potential influence on birthweight. J Am Dietet Assoc 1984; 84(2):176-81.

5. Luke B, Witter FR, Abbey H, Feng T, Namnoun AB, Paige DM, Johnson TRB. Gestational age-specific birthweights of twins versus singletons. Acta Genet Med Gemellol 1991; 40(1):69-76.

6. Witter FR, Luke B. The effect of maternal height on birthweight and birthlength. Early Human Development 1991; 25(3):181-6.

7. Luke B, Keith L, Keith D, Johnson TRB. Pregravid weight, gestational weight gain, and current weight of women delivered of twins. J Perinat Med 1991; 19(7):333-40.

8. Luke B, Keith LG, Witter FR. A theoretical model for reducing neonatal morbidity and mortality and associated costs among twins. J Maternal-Fetal Med 1992; 1(1):14-9.

9. Luke B, Keith LG. The contribution of singletons, twins, and triplets to low birthweight, infant mortality, and handicap in the United States. J Reprod Med 1992; 37(8):661-6.

10. Luke B, Minogue J, Abbey H, Keith L, Witter FR, Feng TI, Johnson TRB. The association between maternal weight gain and the birthweight of twins. J Maternal-Fetal Med 1992; 1(5):267-76.

11. Luke B, Keith LG, Damewood MD. Maternal characteristics of women delivered of twins: Natural versus induced. Int J Fertil 1993; 38(1):12-5.

12. Luke B, Minogue J, Witter FR. The role of fetal growth restriction and gestational age on length of hospital stay in twin infants. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 81(6):949-53.

13. Luke B, Minogue J, Witter FR, Keith LG, Johnson TRB. The ideal twin pregnancy: Patterns of weight gain, discordancy, and length of gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 169(3):588-97.

14. Farahati M, Borzorgi N, Luke B. The influence of maternal age, birth-to-conception intervals, and prior perinatal factors on perinatal outcomes. J Reprod Med 1993; 38(10):751-6.

15. Luke B, Keith L, Lopez-Zeno J, Witter FR, Saguil E. A case-control study of the association between maternal gestational weight gain and newborn birthweight and birthlength in twin pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia. Acta Genet Med Gemellol 1993; 42(1):7-15.

16. Luke B. The changing pattern of multiple births in the United States: Maternal and infant characteristics, 1973 and 1990. Obstet Gynecol 1994; 84(1):101-6.

17. Luke B, Minogue J. The contribution of gestational age and birthweight to perinatal viability in singletons versus twins. J Maternal-Fetal Med 1994; 3(6):263-74.


18. Luke B, Mamelle N, Keith L, Munoz F, Minogue J, Papiernik E, Johnson TRB. The association between occupational factors and preterm birth: A United States nurses' survey. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 173
(3 Pt. 1):849-62.

19. Luke B, Bryan E, Sweetland C, Keith L. Prenatal weight gain and the birthweight of triplets. Acta Genet Med Gemellol 1995; 44(2):93-101.

20. Luke B, Leurgans S, Keith L, Keith D. The childhood growth of twin children. Acta Genet Med Gemellol 1995; 44(3-4):169-78.

21. Luke B, Leurgans S. Maternal weight gains in ideal twin outcomes. J Am Dietet Assoc 1996; 96(2):178-81.

22. Luke B, Bigger HR, Leurgans S, Sietsema D. The cost of prematurity: A case-control study of twins versus singletons. Am J Public Health 1996; 86(6):809-14.

23. Luke B, Hediger ML, Scholl TO. The point of diminishing returns: When does gestational weight gain cease benefiting birthweight and begin adding to maternal obesity? J Maternal-Fetal Med 1996; 5(4):168-73.

24. Luke B. Reducing fetal deaths in multiple gestations: Optimal birthweights and gestational ages for infants of twin and triplet births. Acta Geneticae Medicae Gemellologiae 1996; 45(3):333-348.

25. Luke B, Gillespie B, Min S-J, Avni M, Witter FR, O'Sullivan MJ. Critical periods of maternal weight gain: Effect on twin birthweight. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 177(5):1055-62.

26. Luke B, Keith LG, Keith D. Maternal nutrition in twin gestations: Weight gain, cravings and aversions, and sources of nutrition advice. Acta Geneticae Medicae Gemellologiae 1997; 46(3):157-66.

27. Luke B, Min S-J, Gillespie B, Avni M, Witter FR, Newman RB, Mauldin JG, Salman AF, O'Sullivan MJ. The importance of early weight gain on the intrauterine growth and birthweight of twins. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179(5):1155-61.

28. Luke B, Avni M, Min L, Misiunas R. Work and pregnancy: The role of fatigue and the "second shift" on antenatal morbidity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 181(5):1172-9.

29. Mozurkewich EL, Luke B, Avni M, Wolfe FM. Working conditions and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 95 (4):623-635.

30. Min S-J, Luke B, Gillespie B, Newman RB, Mauldin JG, Witter, FR, Salman FA, O'Sullivan MJ. Birthweight references for twins. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182 (5):1250-7.

31. Johnson TRB, Zettelmaier MA, Warner PA, Hayashi RH, Avni M, Luke B. A competency based approach to comprehensive pregnancy care. Women's Health Issues 2000; 10 (5):240-247.

32. Luke B, Hediger ML, Nugent C, Min L, Misiunas R. Improving outcomes in twin pregnancies: Obstetric, neonatal, and healthcare cost implications. Am J Obstet Gynecol (in review).

33. Luke B, Min L, Hediger ML, Witter FR, Newman RB, Mauldin JG, O'Sullivan MJ. BMI-specific weight gain guidelines for twin pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol (in review)

34. Luke B, Min L, Eardley S, Mauldin JG, Newman RB, Witter FR, O'Sullivan MJ. Maternal weight gain and perinatal outcome of triplet gestations. Am J Obstet Gynecol (in preparation).

35. Hediger ML, Luke B. Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) changes in late pregnancy predict fetal growth in twins. Am J Clin Nutr (in preparation).

36. Hediger ML, Luke B. Hemodynamics and maternal weight gain in twin pregnancies. (in preparation).

37. Luke B, Min L, Newman RB, Mauldin JG, Witter FR, O'Sullivan MJ. Effect of selective reduction on intrauterine growth, birthweight, and weeks' gestation in twin pregnancies. (in preparation).

38. Luke B, Min L, Misiunas R, Witter FR, Newman RB, Mauldin JG, O'Sullivan MJ. Neonatal morbidity among twins: Effect of birthweight, gestational age, and birthweight-for-gestational age. (in preparation).

Books
1. Luke B. Case Studies in Therapeutic Nutrition. Boston: Little, Brown, 1977.
143 pages. ISBN 0-316-53609-1.

2. Luke B. Maternal Nutrition. Boston, Little, Brown, 1979.
224 pages. ISBN 0-316-5310-5 (also translated into Spanish)

3. Luke B. Principles of Nutrition and Diet Therapy. Boston, Little, Brown, 1984.
816 pages. ISBN 0-316-5311-3. (also translated into Spanish)

4. Luke B. Instructor's Manual for Principles of Nutrition. Boston, Little, Brown, 1984.
130 pages. ISBN 0-316-53612-1.

5. Luke B, Keith LG. Principles and Practice of Maternal Nutrition. London: Parthenon, 1992.
161 pages. ISBN 1-85070-324-8.

6. Luke B, Johnson TRB, Petrie RH: Clinical Maternal-Fetal Nutrition. Boston, Little, Brown, 1993.
335 pages. ISBN 0-316-53614-8.

7. Luke B: Every Pregnant Woman's Guide to Preventing Premature Birth. New York: Times Books/Random House, 1995. 240 pages. ISBN 0-8129-2472-X. (also translated into Spanish)

8. Luke B. Good Bones: the Complete Guide to Building & Maintaining the Healthiest Bones. Palo Alto, Calif.: Bull Publishing, 1998. 173 pages. ISBN 0-923521-44-5.

9. Luke B, Eberlein T. When You're Expecting Twins, Triplets or Quads: A Complete Resource.
New York: HarperCollins, 1999. 301 pages. ISBN 0-06-095723-9.

10. Newman RB, Luke B. Multifetal Pregnancy: Care of the Pregnant Patient. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Williams & Wilkins, 2000. 277 pages. ISBN 0-7817-2217-9.

11. Luke B, Eberlein T. Program Your Baby's Health: The Pregnancy Diet for Your Child's Lifelong Well-being. New York: Ballantine Books (Random House), 2001. 420 pages. ISBN 0-345-44199-0.


Chapters in Books
1. Luke B. Nutrition: Linking production with nutritional concerns: Product technology. Proceedings Outlook '88: 64th Annual Agricultural Outlook Conference. Washington, DC: World Agricultural Outlook Board, 1988. pp. 254-63.

2. Keith LG, Lopez-Zeno J, Luke B. Twin gestation, in Sciarra JJ (ed): Gynecology and Obstetrics. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Volume 2, Chapter 75, pp. 1-14, 1991.

3. Luke B. Maternal nutrition, in Reece EA, Hobbins JC, Mahoney MJ, Petrie RH (eds). Medicine of the Fetus and Its Mother. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Chapter 56, pp. 869-880, 1992.

4. Luke B. Improving perinatal outcomes in multiple gestations through nutritional interventions, in Koppe JG, Eskes TKAB, van Geijn HP, Weisenhaan PF, and Ruys JH (eds). Care, Concern and Cure in Perinatal Medicine. London: Parthenon, Chapter 53, pp. 477-486, 1992.

5. Luke B. Nutrition and prematurity, in Witter FR and Keith LG (eds). Textbook of Prematurity: Antecedents, Treatment, and Outcome. Boston: Little, Brown, Chapter 3, pp. 25-38, 1993.

6. Keith LG and Luke B: Multiple gestation, in Witter FR and Keith LG (eds). Textbook of Prematurity: Antecedents, Treatment, and Outcome. Boston: Little, Brown, Chapter 7, pp. 115-126, 1993.

7. Keith LG and Luke B: The relation of maternal work and stress to term delivery, in Witter FR and Keith LG (eds). Textbook of Prematurity: Antecedents, Treatment, and Outcome. Boston: Little, Brown, Chapter 4, pp. 39-46, 1993.

8. Luke G, Keith LG: Early arrival: Why babies are born too soon and too small. Medical and Health Annual of the Encyclopedia Britannica, pp. 134-155, 1994.

9. Luke B: Maternal-fetal nutrition, in Reece EA (ed). Metabolic Disorders in Pregnancy, Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 37:93-109, 1994.

10. Luke B: The association between occupational factors and preterm birth, in Cosmi EV and DiLorenzo GC (eds). Current Progress in Perinatal Medicine, Proceedings of the 2nd World Congress of Perinatal Medicine. London: Parthenon, pp. 79-84, 1994.

11. Luke B: Nutritional influences on fetal growth, in Pitkin R (ed). Nutrition in Pregnancy, Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1994;37:538-549.

12. Luke B: Nutrition during pregnancy, in Repke JT (ed). Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology. London: Current Science, 1994;6:402-7.

13. Luke B: Maternal nutrition, in Reece EA, Hobbins JC, Mahoney MJ, Petrie RH (eds). Handbook of the Fetus and Its Mother. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1995; pp. 320-7.

14. Luke B: Maternal characteristics and prenatal nutrition, in Keith LG, Papiernik-Berkhauer E, Keith D and Luke B (eds). Multiple Pregnancy: Epidemiology, Gestation, and Perinatal Outcome. London: Parthenon, 1995; pp. 299-308.

15. Luke B and Murtaugh MA. Dietary management of diabetes during pregnancy, in Reece EA and Coustan D (eds). Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy: Principles and Practice. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1995; pp. 191-200.

16. Luke B, Papiernik E: Effect of lifestyle on prematurity, in Elder MG, Lamont RF, Romero R (eds). Preterm Labor. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1997; pp. 127-152.

17. Luke B: What is the influence of maternal weight gain on gestation duration and fetal growth in twins? Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven 1998; 41:57-64.

18. Luke B: Maternal nutrition, in Reece EA, Hobbins JC (eds). Medicine of the Fetus and Its Mother. Second Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven 1999, pp. 935-950.

19. Luke B: Maternal nutrition, in Reece EA, Hobbins JC (eds). Handbook of Medicine of the Fetus and Its Mother. Second Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven (in press).


Reviews
1. Luke B. The metabolic basis of the fetal alcohol syndrome. International J Fertility 1990; 35(6):333-7.
2. Luke B and Keith LG. The challenge of maternal phenylketonuria screening and treatment. J Reprod Med 1990; 35(7):667-73.
3. Luke B and Keith LG. Monozygotic twinning as a congenital defect and congenital defects in monozygotic twins. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 1990; 5(2):61-9.
4. Luke B and Keith LG. The United States Standard Certificate of Live Birth: A critical commentary. J Reprod Med 1991; 36(8):587-91.
5. Luke B and Johnson TRB. Nutrition during pregnancy: A historical perspective and update. Women's Health Issues 1991; 1(4):177-86.
6. Luke B and Keith LG. Calcium requirements and the diets of women and children: A review of dairy sources. J Reprod Med 1992; 37(10):703-9.
7. Luke B, Williams C, Minogue J, Keith L. The changing pattern of infant mortality in the United States: The role of perinatal factors and their obstetric implications. Int J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 40(3):199-212.
8. Keith LG and Luke B. The association between women's work, working conditions, and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A review of the literature and directions for future research.
Women's Health Issues 1991; 1(3):113-9.
9. Keith LG, Papiernik E and Luke B. The cost of multiple pregnancy.
International J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 36(2):109-114.
10. Luke B. Current concepts in maternal nutrition. The Female Patient 1992;17:84-90.
11. Keith LG, Luke B, Minogue J, Kilberg S. The working pregnant woman: Risks and costs. Canadian J Obstet Gynecol & Women's Health 1992;4:366-70.
12. Keith LG, Lopez-Zeno J and Luke B. Triplet and higher-order pregnancies.
Contemp Ob-Gyn 1993;38:36-38.
13. Keith LG and Luke B. Comments on the "epidemic" of multiple pregnancies.
Israel J Obstet Gynecol 1993;4:79-84.
14. Luke B. Nutrition and prematurity. Prenatal and Neonatal Medicine 1998; 3:32-4.
15. Luke B, Hediger ML. Nutrition in Maternity. Current Problems in Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Fertility
1999; 22:121-148.

Nursing Journals
1. Luke B. A lesson in eating for two. RN 1975; 38(11):36-9.
2. Luke B. Think nutrition if she's on the Pill. RN 1976; 39(3):33-7.
3. Luke B. The nutritional implications of alcohol abuse. RN 1976; 39(4):32-4.
4. Luke B. Good geriatric nutrition is a lifelong nursing matter. RN 1976; 39(7):24-6.
5. Luke B. Guide to better evaluation of antepartum nutrition. J OGN 1976;5(4):37-43.
6. Luke B. Lactose intolerance during pregnancy: Significance and solutions.
Am J Maternal-Child Nursing 1977; 2(2):93-6.
7. Luke B. Understanding pica in pregnant women. Am J Maternal-Child Nursing 1977; 2(2):97-100.
8. Luke B. Your role in dietary therapy of cirrhosis. RN 1977; 40(10):49-50.
9. Luke B. Maternal alcoholism and the fetal alcohol syndrome. Am J Nursing. 1977; 77(12):1924-6.
10. Luke B. Nutritional assessment of the expectant mother: How and Why. Keeping Abreast J. 1977; 2:280-2.
11. Luke B. Nutrition in renal disease: The adult on dialysis. Am J Nursing 1979; 79(12):2155-7.
12. Luke B: Does caffeine influence reproduction? Am J Maternal-Child Nursing 1982; 7(4):240-4.
13. Luke B: Megavitamin use during pregnancy. Am J Maternal-Child Nursing 1985; 10(4):18-20.



Abstracts
1. Luke B, Rosso P. A redefinition of adequate gestational weight change based on postpartum weight and fetal growth correlations. Am J Clin Nutr 1978;31:713.

2. Rosso P, Luke B. The influence of maternal weight gain on the incidence of fetal growth retardation.
Am J Clin Nutr 1978;31:696.

3. Rosso P, Luke B. Effect of moderate malnutrition on fetal growth. XIth International Congress of Nutrition, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, August, 1978.

4. Luke B, Jonaitis MA, Visconti M. The obese diabetic gravida: Influence of weight gain on complications. Am J Clin Nutr 1979;32:955.

5. Luke B, Jonaitis MA, Visconti M. Malnutrition and fetal growth in the obese gestational diabetic.
Am J Clin Nutr 1979;32:955.

6. Luke B, Jonaitis MA, Visconti M. Influence of smoking and low weight gain on diabetic gestations.
Am J Clin Nutr 1980;33:939.

7. Luke B. Twin births: Influence of maternal weight on intrauterine growth and prematurity.
Fed Proc 1987;46:1015.

8. Luke B, Markowitz R, Keith D, Keith LG, Johnson TRB, Bradford V and Paige DM: The influence of maternal pregravid weight, gestational weight gain, and zygosity on birthweight in twin gestations. Paper presented at the VIth International Congress on Twin Studies, Rome, Italy, August 28-31, 1989.

9. Luke B, Markowitz R, Keith D, Keith LG, Johnson TRB, Bradford V and Paige DM. Maternal characteristics in twin gestations. VIth International Congress on Twin Studies, Rome, Italy, August 28-31, 1989.

10. Luke B, Markowitz R, Keith D, Keith LG, Johnson TRB, Bradford V and Paige DM. Sources of nutritional advice and advised and actual weight gain in twin gestations. VIth International Congress on Twin Studies, Rome, Italy, August 28-31, 1989.

11. Luke B, Markowitz R, Keith D, Keith LG, Johnson TRB, Bradford V and Paige DM. Low birthweight, length of gestation and parity in twin gestations. VIth International Congress on Twin Studies, Rome, Italy, August 28-31, 1989.

12. Luke B, Markowitz R, Keith D, Keith LG, Johnson TRB, Bradford V and Paige DM: Breastfeeding twins and reasons for weaning. VIth International Congress on Twin Studies, Rome, Italy, August 28-31, 1989.

13. Luke B, Markowitz R, Keith D, Keith LG, Johnson TRB, Bradford V and Paige DM: Characteristics of mothers of twins returning to work and their child care arrangements. VIth International Congress on Twin Studies, Rome, Italy, August 28-31, 1989.

14. Luke B, Witter FR, Abbey H, Feng T, Namnoun AB, Johnson TRB. Gestational age-specific birthweights of twins versus singletons. 38th Annual Clinical Meeting of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, San Francisco, California, May 7-10, 1990.

15. Luke B. Improving perinatal outcomes in multiple births by dietary interventions. 13th European Congress of Perinatal Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, May, 1992. J Perinatal Med. 20:235 (Suppl. 1), 1992.

16. Luke B. The association between maternal weight gain and the birthweight of twins. VIIth International Congress on Twin Studies, Tokyo, Japan, June, 1992.

17. Luke B, Keith L, Minogue J, Williams C, Strassner H. The changing pattern of multiple births in the United States. 41st Annual Clinical Meeting of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, May, 1993.

18. Luke B and Minogue J: Analysis of small data sets, with special consideration of twin data. 8th International Workshop, International Postgraduate Course on Multiple Pregnancy, Helsingborg, Sweden, May 27-29, 1993.

19. Luke B, Mamelle N, Keith L, Munoz F, Minogue J, Papiernik E and Johnson TRB. The association between occupational factors and preterm birth (a US nurses' survey). 2nd World Congress of Perinatal Medicine, Rome, Italy, September 19-24, 1993, Book of Abstracts, pg. 38.

20. Luke B. Recommendations to reduce neonatal morbidity, mortality and associated costs among multiple births.Genetic Epidemiology of Twins and Twinning, Amsterdam, Netherlands, April 22-23, 1994.

21. Luke B, Bigger H, Williams C. The costs of prematurity: A case-control study of twins versus singletons. Annual Meeting of the American Pediatric Society-Society for Pediatric Research, Seattle, Washington, May 2-5, 1994.

22. Luke B, Minogue J, Williams C. The contribution of gestational age and birthweight to perinatal viability in singletons versus twins. Annual Meeting of the American Pediatric Society-Society for Pediatric Research, Seattle, Washington, May 2-5, 1994.

23. Luke B. Reducing fetal deaths in multiple births: Optimal birthweights and gestational age. Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, Kamuela, Hawaii, February 5-10, 1996.

24. Luke B, Gillespie B, Min SJ, Witter FR, O'Sullivan MJ. Critical periods of maternal weight gain: Effect on twin birthweight. Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, Anaheim, California, January 20-25, 1997.

25. Mozurkewich E, Luke B, Papiernik E. The association between working conditions and preterm birth: A meta-analysis. Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, Anaheim, California, January 20-25, 1997.

26. Luke B, Gillespie B, Min S-J, Avni M, Witter FR, Newman RB, Mauldin JG, O'Sullivan MJ. The importance of early weight gain on the intrauterine growth and birthweight of twins. Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, Miami, Florida, February 2-7, 1998.

27. Luke B, Avni M, Witter FR, Newman RB, Mauldin JG, Eardley S, O'Sullivan MJ. The association between maternal weight gain and the birthweight of triplets. Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, Miami, Florida, February 2-7, 1998.

28. Luke B, Gillespie B, Min S-J, Avni M, Witter FR, Newman RB, Mauldin JG, O'Sullivan MJ. Point of diminishing returns: Effect of weight gain in overweight and obese women on twin birthweight. Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, Miami, Florida, February 2-7, 1998.

29. Avni M, Luke B. Multifetal reduction and pregnancy outcomes: A meta-analysis. Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, Miami, Florida, February 2-7, 1998.

30. Luke B, Zettelmaier MA, Avni M, Clipp MM, Johnson TRB. Comprehensive perinatal care: Effects on maternal and neonatal morbidity and costs. Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, Miami, Florida, February 2-7, 1998.

31. Wanty S, Luke B, Gillespie B, Avni M, Lewis B. The cost-effectiveness of outpatient nursing and nutrition interventions for improving outcomes in multiple gestations. Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, Miami, Florida, February 2-7, 1998.

32. Luke B, Wanty S, Avni M. The effect of calcium, magnesium, and zinc supplementation on the intrauterine growth and birthweight of twins. Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, Miami, Florida, February 2-7, 1998.

33. Adra A, Nassar A, Goméz-Marin O, Luke B, O'Sullivan MJ. Ultrasonographic prediction of discordant fetal growth in twin gestations. Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, Miami, Florida, February 2-7, 1998.

34. Min S-J, Luke B, Gillespie B, Witter FR, Newman RB, Mauldin JG, Salman FA, O'Sullivan MJ. Fetal and birthweight standards for twins. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, San Francisco, California, January 18-23, 1999.

35. Luke B, Avni M, Min L. Work & pregnancy: Role of fatigue on antenatal hospitalizations. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, San Francisco, California, January 18-23, 1999.

36. Hediger ML, Luke B, Wanty S, Horn R. Hemodynamics and maternal nutritional status in twin pregnancies. Human Biology Association, Columbus, Ohio, April 26-28, 1999.

37. Luke B, Hediger ML, Wanty S. Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) changes in late pregnancy predict fetal growth in twins. Human Biology Association, Columbus, Ohio, April 26-28, 1999.

38. Luke B, Min S-J, Gillespie B, Witter FR, Newman RB, Mauldin JG, Salman FA, O'Sullivan MJ. Prospective predictors of gestational age at birth in twin pregnancies. Society for Epidemiologic Research, Baltimore, Maryland, June 8-10, 1999.

39. Luke B, Hediger ML, Wanty S, Min L, Hillemeier M. Improving Outcomes in Twin Pregnancies with Nutrition Interventions. American Dietetic Association, Atlanta, Georgia, October 18-21, 1999.

40. Luke B, Hediger ML. Hemodynamics and maternal weight gain in twin pregnancies. American Public Health Association, Chicago, Illinois, November 9-11, 1999.

41. Luke B, Min L, Misiunas R, Witter FR, Newman RB, Mauldin JG, O'Sullivan MJ. Neonatal morbidity among twins: Effect of birthweight, gestational age, and birthweight-for-gestational age. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Miami, Florida, Jan 31-Feb 5, 2000.

42. Luke B, Wanty S, Hediger ML, Min L. Improving outcomes in twin pregnancies: Obstetric outcomes. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Miami, Florida, Jan 31-Feb 5, 2000.

43. Hillemeier M, Luke B. Improving outcomes in twin pregnancies: Neonatal outcomes. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Miami, Florida, Jan 31-Feb 5, 2000.

44. Min L, Luke B, Misiunas R. Improving outcomes in twin pregnancies: Cost and length of stay outcomes. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Miami, Florida, Jan 31-Feb 5, 2000.

45. Luke B, Min L, Witter FR, Newman RB, Mauldin JG, O'Sullivan MJ. The effect of selective reduction on intrauterine growth and outcomes in twin pregnancies. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Miami, Florida, Jan 31-Feb 5, 2000.

46. Luke B, Min L, Hediger ML, Witter FR, Newman RB, Mauldin JG, O'Sullivan MJ. BMI-specific weight gain guidelines for twin pregnancies. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Miami, Florida, Jan 31-Feb 5, 2000.

47. Luke B, Misiunas R, Burpee B, Gogliotti S, Anderson E. The mental and motor development of twin children: The role of zygosity. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Reno, Nevada, Feb. 5-10, 2001.

48. Luke B, Min L. The effect of mode of delivery and increasing length of gestation on neonatal morbidity in twins. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Reno, Nevada, Feb. 5-10, 2001.

49. Luke B, Min L, Misiunas R, Hillemeier M, Nugent C. Prenatal interventions to improve outcomes in twin pregnancies. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Reno, Nevada, Feb. 5-10, 2001.

50. Luke B, Min L, Misiunas R. Neonatal morbidities in term twin pregnancies: The effect of placentation. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Reno, Nevada, Feb. 5-10, 2001.

51. Luke B, Hediger ML, Nugent C. Serum ferritin associated with fetal growth in twin pregnancies. 14th Annual Meeting of the Society for Pediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, Toronto, Canada, June 12-13, 2001.

52. Hediger ML, Luke B, Misiunas, R, Anderson E. Discordancy and catch-up growth in twins through age 3 years. 14th Annual Meeting of the Society for Pediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, Toronto, Canada, June 12-13, 2001.

53. Hediger ML, Luke B, Misiunas R, Anderson E. Discordancy and catch-up growth in twins. 10th International Congress on Twin Studies, London, UK, July 4-7, 2001.

54. Hediger ML, Luke B, Nugent C. Serum ferritin and twin fetal growth. 10th International Congress on Twin Studies, London, UK, July 4-7, 2001.

55. Luke B, Misiunas R, Burpee B, Gogliotti S, Anderson E. The mental and motor development of twins: The role of placentation. 10th International Congress on Twin Studies, London, UK, July 4-7, 2001.

56. Luke B, Min L, Misiunas R, Nugent C. Prenatal interventions to improve twin pregnancy outcomes. 10th International Congress on Twin Studies, London, UK, July 4-7, 2001.

57. Luke B, Misiunas RB, Min L, Kinoshi T, O'Sullivan MJ, Witter FR, Newman RB. The cost of twin pregnancy: Maternal & neonatal factors. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, January 14-19, 2002.

58. Hediger ML, Luke B, Misiunas RB, Martin D, O'Sullivan MJ, Witter FR, Mauldin J, Newman RB, Hankins GVD, D'Alton M, Reece EA. Fetal growth rates and very preterm birth of twins. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, January 14-19, 2002.

59. Luke B, Gonzalez-Quintero VH, Tolaymat L, O'Sullivan MJ, Newman RB, Mauldin J, Witter FR, Hankins GDV, D'Alton M, Reece EA. The effect of fetal reduction on intrauterine growth and pregnancy outcomes in twins. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, January 14-19, 2002.

60. Luke B, Misiunas RB, Anderson E, Nugent C, van de Ven C. Prenatal nutrition program to improve outcomes in twin pregnancies. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, January 14-19, 2002.

61. Luke B, Misiunas RB, Anderson E, Hediger ML, Burpee B, Gogliotti S, Mollen E. Prenatal program to improve neonatal and early childhood outcomes in twins. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, January 14-19, 2002.

62. Luke B, Anderson E, Burpee B, Gogliotti S, Mollen E. The effect of placental chorionicity on early childhood mental and motor development of twins. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, January 14-19, 2002.

63. Hediger ML, Luke B, Misiunas RB, Anderson E. Discordancy and catch-up growth in twins. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, January 14-19, 2002.

64. Luke B, Anderson E, Misiunas RB, Mollen E. Risk factors for child abuse in twins. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, January 14-19, 2002.

65. Luke B, Hediger ML, Nugent C, van de Ven C. Maternal iron status and the fetal growth of twins. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, January 14-19, 2002.

66. Luke B and Min L. Contemporary maternal morbidity with multiple gestation: Risks in the 1990s. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, January 14-19, 2002.

67. Luke B. Neonatal and postneonatal mortality in the 1990s: Risks by plurality. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, January 14-19, 2002.

68. Luke B, Martin D, O'Sullivan MJ, Mauldin J, Newman RB, Hankins GDV. Maternal weight gain in twin pregnancies: Effect on birthweight and retained postpartum weight. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, January 14-19, 2002.

69. Luke B, Anderson E, Misiunas RB, Martin D, Gonzalez-Quintero VH, Tolaymat L, O'Sullivan MJ, Witter FR, Mauldin J, Newman RB, D'Alton M, Reece EA, Hankins EA. Do outcomes differ in spontaneous vs assisted-conceived twins? Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, January 14-19, 2002.

70. Luke B, Nugent C, van de Ven C, Martin D, O'Sullivan MJ, Eardley S, Witter FR, Mauldin J, Newman RB. Maternal weight gain and triplet birthweight. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, January 14-19, 2002.

71. Luke B, O'Sullivan MJ, Martin D, Nugent C, Witter FR, Newman RB. Outcomes in quadruplet pregnancies: Role of maternal nutrition. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, January 14-19, 2002.

72. Bukowski R, Luke B, Saade G, Olson G, Martin D, O'Sullivan MJ, Hankins GDV. Second trimester serum screening and adverse pregnancy outcome in twin gestations. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, January 14-19, 2002.